Jothar: While the filament is very hot and generates electrons and visible light, the gas inside the bulb cannot conduct the electricity when it is below a certain temperature. That explains why some bulbs do not work outdoors in cold weather.
If you touch a straight fluorescent bulb near the ends, it is very hot to the touch. It is less hot than an incandescent bulb because the filament is shielded to protect the glass from blackening. Additionally, the heat can dissipate down the length of the bulb, unlike a rounded incandescent.